Which body provides the scientific evidence for MARPOL regulations?

• A. The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP)
• B. International Maritime Organization (IMO)
• C. World Health Organization (WHO)
• D. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Answer: (A)

The scientific evidence behind MARPOL regulations comes from a collaborative expert group that reviews marine pollution science to inform decisions for the International Maritime Organization. This body is GESAMP, the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. It brings together scientists from multiple UN agencies and research institutions to assess data and produce scientific evaluations that IMO uses to develop and update MARPOL provisions. While the IMO drafts and enforces the rules, and organizations like WHO or UNEP contribute to broader environmental or health contexts, the specific scientific foundation for MARPOL lies with GESAMP.